lillo@lillo-X540SA:~$ cat /proc/asound/cards
--- no soundcards ---
lillo@lillo-X540SA:~$ lspci | grep -i audio 
00:1b.0 Audio device: Intel Corporation Device 2284 (rev 21)
lillo@lillo-X540SA:~$ cat /proc/asound/cards
--- no soundcards ---
lillo@lillo-X540SA:~$ sudo aplay -l
[sudo] password di lillo: 
aplay: device_list:268: nessuna scheda audio trovata...
lillo@lillo-X540SA:~$ echo "Sound cards recognized by the system:"; lspci -nn | grep --color=none '\[04[80][13]\]'; echo "Sound cards recognized by ALSA:"; lspci -nn | grep '\[04[80][13]\]' | while read line; do lspci -nnk | grep -A 3 '\[04[80][13]\]' | grep -e 'Kernel modules: ..*' -e '\[04[80][13]\]' | grep --color=none -F "$line"; done; echo "Sound cards recognized by ALSA, and activated:"; lspci -nn | grep '\[04[80][13]\]' | while read line; do lspci -nnk | grep -A 3 '\[04[80][13]\]' | grep -e 'Kernel drivers in use: ..*' -e '\[04[80][13]\]' | grep --color=none -F "$line"; done
Sound cards recognized by the system:
00:1b.0 Audio device [0403]: Intel Corporation Device [8086:2284] (rev 21)
Sound cards recognized by ALSA:
00:1b.0 Audio device [0403]: Intel Corporation Device [8086:2284] (rev 21)
Sound cards recognized by ALSA, and activated:
00:1b.0 Audio device [0403]: Intel Corporation Device [8086:2284] (rev 21)
lillo@lillo-X540SA:~$ DRIVER=`lspci -ks 00:1b.0 | grep "Kernel modules:" | awk -F: '{print $2}' | sed 's/ *//g'`; modprobe $DRIVER && echo "$DRIVER" | sudo tee -a /etc/modules
modprobe: ERROR: could not insert 'snd_hda_intel': Operation not permitted
lillo@lillo-X540SA:~$ DRIVER=`lspci -ks 00:1b.0 | grep "Kernel modules:" | awk -F: '{print $2}' | sed 's/ *//g'`; sudo modprobe $DRIVER && echo "$DRIVER" | sudo tee -a /etc/modules
modprobe: ERROR: could not insert 'snd_hda_intel': Required key not available